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Globalization over 5 centuries

Shown is the "trade openness index". This index is defined as the sum of world exports and imports, divided by world GDP. Each series corresponds to a different
source.

1500160017001800190020170%Klasing and Milionis (2014)Estevadeordal, Frantz, and Taylor (2003) (lower bound)Penn World Tables (9.1)Estevadeordal, Frantz, and Taylor (2003) (upper bound)

Source: Estevadeordal, Frantz, and Taylor (2003), Klasing and Milionis (2014), Feenstra et al. (2015) Penn World Tables 9.1